{"id":220121,"date":"2025-01-03T14:08:03","date_gmt":"2025-01-03T12:08:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/psnews.ro\/?p=220121"},"modified":"2025-01-03T16:58:32","modified_gmt":"2025-01-03T14:58:32","slug":"ue-in-lupta-pentru-gaz-cat-a-castigat-rusia-in-ultimii-3-ani-si-cum-ne-afecteaza-decizia-ucrainei","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/psnews.ro\/ue-in-lupta-pentru-gaz-cat-a-castigat-rusia-in-ultimii-3-ani-si-cum-ne-afecteaza-decizia-ucrainei\/","title":{"rendered":"ANALIZ\u0102 – UE, \u00een lupt\u0103 pentru gaz: c\u00e2t a c\u00e2\u0219tigat Rusia \u00een ultimii 3 ani \u0219i cum ne afecteaz\u0103 decizia Ucrainei"},"content":{"rendered":"

Uniunea European\u0103 (UE) traverseaz\u0103 o nou\u0103 criz\u0103 a gazului, care imediat s-a resim\u021bit pe burse<\/a>, unde pre\u021bul a trecut de 50 de euro\/MWh \u0219i d\u0103 semne c\u0103 ar putea s\u0103 mai creasc\u0103. Pre\u021bul gazului nu mai ajunsese la aceste cote din octombrie 2023, iar aceast\u0103 cre\u0219terea de pe burse va afecta toate statele membre, dup\u0103 ce pia\u021ba a fost liberalizat\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cenceputul de 2025 se anun\u021b\u0103 dificil pentru statele UE, dup\u0103 ce Ucraina a oprit transportul de gaz din Rusia c\u0103tre Europa. Gazprom a \u00eenchis gazoductul care traversa Ucraina pentru a livra \u00een UE, \u00een lipsa unui acord \u00eentre UE, Ucraina \u0219i Rusia.<\/p>\n

Victoria unora, \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea altora<\/h2>\n

Volodomir Zelenski, pre\u0219edintele Ucrainei, consider\u0103 c\u0103 oprirea livr\u0103rilor de gaze din Rusia c\u0103tre UE, prin Ucraina, este una dintre cele mai mari victorii \u00eempotriva Moscovei.<\/p>\n

\u201eC\u00e2nd Putin a ob\u021binut puterea \u00een Rusia \u00een urm\u0103 cu mai bine de 25 de ani, pomparea anual\u0103 de gaz prin Ucraina c\u0103tre Europa era de peste 130 de miliarde de metri cubi. \u00cen prezent, tranzitul de gaz rusesc este egal cu zero. Aceasta este una dintre cele mai mari \u00eenfr\u00e2ngeri ale Moscovei\u201d, a declarat Zelenski.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Totu\u0219i, \u00eencetarea acestui acord aduce \u0219i o pierdere pentru Ucraina, deoarece Kievul era pl\u0103tit de Rusia \u0219i UE pentru tranzitul gazului. UE pierde 15 miliarde de mc3 de gaz\/an, dar inclusiv Ucraina beneficia de gaz ieftin din Rusia. \u00cen 2024, 85% din gazul folosit de Ucraina provenea din Rusia, potrivit<\/a> directorului general al operatorului de transport de gaz din Ucraina. Pentru c\u0103 accepta transportul din Rusia c\u0103tre UE, Ucraina c\u00e2\u0219tiga aproape 1 miliard de dolari pe an din taxele de tranzit. Chiar dac\u0103 pare pu\u021bin, \u00een realitate este foarte mult pentru o economie distrus\u0103 de r\u0103zboi. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, Rusia va pierde circa 5 miliarde de dolari dac\u0103 nu va mai vinde gaz c\u0103tre UE prin Ucraina.<\/p>\n

Kievul a anun\u021bat c\u0103 nu mai accept\u0103 transportul de gaz c\u0103tre UE, \u00eens\u0103 nu a precizat dac\u0103 \u0219i Ucraina va \u00eenceta s\u0103 mai cumpere din Rusia. \u021ain\u00e2nd cont c\u0103 85% din gazul folosit de ucraineni provine din Rusia, iar ru\u0219ii au bombardat numeroase centrale electrice, este aproape imposibil pentru Kiev s\u0103 renun\u021be la gazul ru\u0219ilor.<\/p>\n

Prima \u021bar\u0103 UE care a reac\u021bionat la decizia Ucrainei de a opri transportul de gaz din Rusia a fost Slovacia, care a amenin\u021bat cu sanc\u021biuni. Robert Fico, premierul Slovaciei, a declarat c\u0103 va bloca ajutoarele economice pentru Ucraina, dac\u0103 Kievul nu reia transportul de gaz. De asemenea, Slovacia este preg\u0103tit\u0103 s\u0103 opreasc\u0103 exportul de energie electric\u0103 \u00een Ucraina, pentru a-i sanc\u021biona direct pe politicienii de la Kiev.<\/p>\n

Dar decizia Ucrainei afecteaz\u0103 imediat inclusiv Ungaria \u0219i Austria, care primeau gaz din Rusia prin gazoductul din Ucraina. Toate cele trei \u021b\u0103ri UE \u2013 Ungaria, Slovacia \u0219i Austria \u2013 sunt interesate de gazul rusesc \u0219i au intensificat achizi\u021biile din Rusia. \u00cen 2023, Ungaria a semnat un nou acord cu Gazprom pentru a cump\u0103ra gaz rusesc prin gazoductul TurkStream (singurul gazoduct care mai transport\u0103 gaz rusesc c\u0103tre UE).<\/p>\n

C\u00e2t gaz rusesc a cump\u0103rat UE \u00een perioada 2021-2024<\/h2>\n

\u00cen februarie 2022, la \u00eenceputul conflictului Ucraina-Rusia, UE adopta o m\u0103sur\u0103 dur\u0103 \u0219i anun\u021ba c\u0103 voia s\u0103 opreasc\u0103 importurile de gaz din Rusia. Declara\u021bia s-a dovedit imediat rupt\u0103 de realitate, iar dup\u0103 3 ani de conflict s-a v\u0103zut c\u0103 multe state membre au continuat s\u0103 cumpere din Rusia.<\/p>\n

Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 Austria, Ungaria \u0219i Slovacia au mai fost \u0219i Fran\u021ba, Olanda, Spania \u0219i Belgia care au cump\u0103rat gaz natural lichefiat (LNG) rusesc. Statisticile arat\u0103 c\u0103 transportul de gaz LNG a crescut din 2021 \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent, dar a sc\u0103zut foarte mult cel natural transportat prin diferitele gazoducte.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Sursa: bruegel.org – *datele sunt pe primele 8 luni din 2024.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cen februarie \u0219i martie 2022, statele UE<\/a> au pl\u0103tit cel mai mult pentru gazul natural din Rusia, 10 miliarde de euro \u00een doar 2 luni. \u00cen acea perioad\u0103 au cump\u0103rat foarte mult pentru a-\u0219i face rezerve, exist\u00e2nd teama c\u0103 Rusia ar fi oprit livr\u0103rile. Ulterior, valoarea importurilor s-a men\u021binut la nivelul din 2021. Spre exemplu, graficul de mai jos arat\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een decembrie 2023 statele UE au pl\u0103tit 1,5 miliarde de euro pentru gazul natural din Rusia, c\u00e2t pl\u0103tiser\u0103 \u00een ianuarie 2021.<\/p>\n

\u00cen schimb, UE a redus foarte mult importul de petrol din Rusia. Dac\u0103 \u00een ianuarie 2021 statele UE pl\u0103teau 5,5 miliarde de euro pentru petrol din Rusia, \u00een decembrie 2023 au pl\u0103tit doar 900 de milioane de euro. Cele mai mari importuri au fost \u00een ianuarie-aprilie 2022, c\u00e2nd statele UE au pl\u0103tit aproape 10 miliarde de euro pe lun\u0103 pentru petrol din Rusia.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Trump amenin\u021b\u0103 UE cu noi taxe dac\u0103 nu cump\u0103r\u0103 mai mult petrol \u0219i gaze din SUA<\/h2>\n

Statele UE au reu\u0219it s\u0103-\u0219i asigure necesarul de gaz \u00een ultimii 3 ani, \u00eens\u0103 la pre\u021buri tot mai mari. Criza pre\u021burilor la gaze \u0219i energie electric\u0103 din 2022 \u0219i 2023 a lovit dur at\u00e2t companiile, c\u00e2t \u0219i consumatorii casnici, \u00eenc\u00e2t guvernele au fost nevoite s\u0103 intervin\u0103 cu m\u0103suri de compensare sau reducere a taxelor pentru a \u021bine facturile sub control.<\/p>\n

Marele beneficiar al crizei gazului din UE au fost Statele Unite ale Americii, care aproape \u0219i-au triplat exporturile<\/a> de gaz LNG c\u0103tre Europa, dup\u0103 cum o arat\u0103 graficul de mai jos.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Sursa: dw.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Donald Trump a amenin\u021bat deja UE cu un r\u0103zboi al taxelor, dac\u0103 statele europene nu vor cump\u0103ra mai mult gaz \u0219i petrol din SUA.<\/p>\n

\u201eAm spus Uniunii Europene c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 compenseze uria\u0219ul lor deficit cu SUA prin achizi\u021bia pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 de petrol \u0219i gaz. Altfel vor fi taxe pe termen nelimitat\u201d, a scris<\/a> Trump pe platforma Truth.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Deficitul la care se refer\u0103 Trump este cel comercial. UE vinde \u00een SUA mai mult dec\u00e2t cump\u0103r\u0103, dar \u00een multe domenii cele dou\u0103 sunt separate de standarde privind calitatea produselor sau materialelor.<\/p>\n

Astfel, decizia Ucrainei de a oprit transportul de gaz rusesc c\u0103tre UE nu poate fi dec\u00e2t motiv de bucurie pentru Donald Trump. Dup\u0103 ce \u00ee\u0219i va \u00eencepe al doilea mandat, Trump poate descoperi c\u0103 are un bun prieten \u00een Zelenski. De asemenea, Zelenski chiar a precizat c\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i dore\u0219te ca SUA s\u0103 creasc\u0103 livr\u0103rile de gaz LNG c\u0103tre Europa.<\/p>\n

Ce urmeaz\u0103 dup\u0103 decizia Ucrainei<\/h2>\n

Cel mai afectat stat UE este Slovacia, urmat\u0103 de Ungaria. Chiar dac\u0103 Budapesta s-a reorientat deja spre alte gazoducte, acesta ar vrea s\u0103 le men\u021bin\u0103 deschise \u0219i pe cele din Ucraina.<\/p>\n

Prima solu\u021bie<\/a> ar fi ca gazul rusesc s\u0103 fie \u00eenlocuit cu gaz LNG de la alte \u021b\u0103ri, probabil SUA. Problema este c\u0103 LNG-ul poate fi livrat doar \u00een \u021b\u0103ri care au porturi la mare sau ocean, iar Slovacia, Ungaria \u0219i Austria nu beneficiaz\u0103 de acestea, deci ar fi dependente de alte state precum Grecia, Polonia sau Italia.<\/p>\n

A doua solu\u021bie ar putea fi aceea de a \u00eenlocui gazul din Rusia cu gaz din rezervele altor \u021b\u0103ri. Cehia sau Polonia ar putea s\u0103 ajute \u021b\u0103rile din Centrul Europei, \u00eens\u0103 cu un pre\u021b mai mare decis de o burs\u0103 \u00een cre\u0219tere.<\/p>\n

Al treilea scenariu este cel al unui nou acord \u00eentre Ucraina, UE \u0219i Rusia. Ucraina ar putea ob\u021bine mai mul\u021bi bani de pe urma transportului de gaz, iar statele UE vor pl\u0103ti mai mult, ceea ce ar duce la o cre\u0219tere a facturilor.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 Ucraina a decis s\u0103 nu mai permit\u0103 transportul gazului rusesc \u00ee\u0219i asum\u0103 \u0219i un risc militar. Sistemul s\u0103u de gaz poate fi acum \u021binta atacurilor militare, a\u0219a cum Rusia a lovit de mai multe ori sistemul energetic ucrainean. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2025, Rusia nu a atacat sistemul de gaz din Ucraina pentru c\u0103 avea de c\u00e2\u0219tigat multe miliarde de euro, dar decizia Ucrainei poate schimba inclusiv strategia de r\u0103zboi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Uniunea European\u0103 (UE) traverseaz\u0103 o nou\u0103 criz\u0103 a gazului, care imediat s-a resim\u021bit pe burse, unde pre\u021bul a trecut de 50 de euro\/MWh \u0219i d\u0103 semne c\u0103 ar putea s\u0103 mai creasc\u0103. Pre\u021bul gazului nu mai ajunsese la aceste cote din octombrie 2023, iar aceast\u0103 cre\u0219terea de pe burse va afecta toate statele membre, dup\u0103 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":215065,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[45648],"tags":[61,62,226],"ppma_author":[71],"class_list":["post-220121","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-europa","tag-rusia","tag-ucraina","tag-ue"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nANALIZ\u0102 - UE, \u00een lupt\u0103 pentru gaz: c\u00e2t a c\u00e2\u0219tigat Rusia \u00een ultimii 3 ani \u0219i cum ne afecteaz\u0103 decizia Ucrainei - PS News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Criz\u0103 a gazului \u00een UE: Pre\u021bul cre\u0219te, iar statele membre resimt impactul. 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